Canada's standard of living is falling behind the rest of the developed world

Mazdatruck
Grand Pooh-bah
Posts: 2259
Joined: Nov 20th, 2018, 1:46 pm

Re: Canada's standard of living is falling behind the rest of the developed world

Post by Mazdatruck »

Corporate/Government media has increasingly created closed information systems around every major issue:

COVID
Ukraine
Trump
Gender Theory

Dissent from their orthodoxies is branded "disinformation" then censored.

The Canadian media is 100% in lockstep with Trudeau and Biden and supports all State wars.

The War in Ukraine enjoys no criticism at all.

There are no dissenters at all.

Any dissenters are branded, labeled and cancelled. You either agree or are a undesirable subhuman.

Nobody can ask real questions so there will be no real improvements.

All social issues are manufactured and controlled and edited. All speech is monitored, censored and any problematic ideas have hundred of millions of dollars thrown at them by Government Think Tanks and Big Tech censorship.
User avatar
oldtrucker
Guru
Posts: 9943
Joined: Nov 24th, 2013, 3:19 pm

Re: Canada's standard of living is falling behind the rest of the developed world

Post by oldtrucker »

Mazdatruck wrote: Jul 19th, 2023, 8:37 pm
oldtrucker wrote: Jul 19th, 2023, 3:05 pm Standard of living will drop almost directly proportional to the amount of immigrants let in.
Been saying that before jt got in but it wasn't acceptable to say that then for some reason. Now there is a poll in castanet on mass immigration. Hmmm... wonder why.
During the last federal election, the only party that was against massive immigration was PPC.

They were called racist nazis for it.

Now we are bursting at the seams, nobody has a place to live and services and quality of life in Canada is rapidly circling the toilet bowl. The next generations will work harder for much less. 45 year old professionals with multiple degrees sharing rooms and living in basement suites paying 55% of their income in rent to high school drop out retired janitor who bought on a single income in the 80's.

How are you all liking traffic and hospital wait times with 40 million people in Canada?

Just wait until 20 years from how when we let in 60 million more people.!!

It's never getting any better. It will always just get worse now.

Do you think you will be able to get a camping spot in Canada when we hit 100 million people? [icon_lol2.gif]

Canada is over.
Pierre Trudeau knew the best way to wipe western Canada was thru immigration. ( yes, ANY french PM is your enemy....You expected anything other than Quebec making away with all the spoils?)
It's also in the Marxist playbook as using immigration to sow chaos into and destabilize the existing population.
Canadians actually thought that mass immigration would benefit the country and work out okay. Dum. Real dum. Canadians are incapable of doing simple math. When there are 8 billion and adding one Saskatoon to the planet per day, any imagined benefits of immigration is nothing more than a childish delusional feel good fantasy. Canadians thought they would still have a place to live, medical care etc with those numbers coming in. Dum. Dumbest on earth.
Canada, the nation that committed suicide by virtue signaling and cuckery.
Some may view my politically incorrect opinions as harsh and may be offended by them. Some think political correctness will be our undoing.
User avatar
CountryAtHeart
Lord of the Board
Posts: 4872
Joined: Jul 2nd, 2006, 8:35 am

Re: Canada's standard of living is falling behind the rest of the developed world

Post by CountryAtHeart »

Mazdatruck wrote: Jul 19th, 2023, 9:40 pm Corporate/Government media has increasingly created closed information systems around every major issue:

COVID
Ukraine
Trump
Gender Theory

Dissent from their orthodoxies is branded "disinformation" then censored.

The Canadian media is 100% in lockstep with Trudeau and Biden and supports all State wars.

The War in Ukraine enjoys no criticism at all.

There are no dissenters at all.

Any dissenters are branded, labeled and cancelled. You either agree or are a undesirable subhuman.

Nobody can ask real questions so there will be no real improvements.

All social issues are manufactured and controlled and edited. All speech is monitored, censored and any problematic ideas have hundred of millions of dollars thrown at them by Government Think Tanks and Big Tech censorship.
You forgot about The Residential School issue. Isn’t the government trying to go after anyone who questions the graves as being “deniers”?

I know we talk about standard of living in an economic sense but it bleeds out into our physical health and mental health. Stress affects every part of our body and thus burdens not just ourselves but also our medical system. Also meaning more people on medications. More anxiety and depression. We are seeing more drug use…abuse?
Our society is seeing more anger, confrontation and intolerance. More crime. At the same time, we see our government’s weak response towards criminals which exasperates our anxiety and anger towards society.
hobbyguy
Buddha of the Board
Posts: 15001
Joined: Jan 20th, 2011, 8:10 pm

Re: Canada's standard of living is falling behind the rest of the developed world

Post by hobbyguy »

Gone_Fishin wrote: Jul 18th, 2023, 1:26 pm Canada’s standard of living is falling behind the rest of the developed world & is projected to have the worst growth in the OECD for the next 4 decades.

Blocking projects. Raising taxes. Doubling debt. All have consequences.

Canada's standard of living is falling behind the rest of the developed world

OECD predicts country will rank last in real GDP per capita growth until 2060


You might not know it but Canada has a growth problem.

What looks like a solid economic recovery from the pandemic actually masks an underperformance in standard of living that is among the worst of advanced economies, says a new report by TD Economics.

“Economic growth does not necessarily equate to economic prosperity,” said TD economist Marc Ercolao.

On the surface Canada’s economic growth looks healthy. “Supercharged” immigration and population growth helped drive a quick recovery in activity after the pandemic, particularly in consumption and the housing market.

According to Statistics Canada, our population is growing at a record pace, rising by 1,050,110 in 2022, the first time in Canadian history the population has grown by more than 1 million people in a single year.

“While aggregate GDP is one thing, standard-of-living is another, and when Canada’s economic performance is adjusted for the rising population count, it reveals a picture that leaves much to be desired,” said Ercolao.

On the world stage, Canada is one of the few advanced economies that has not recovered its pre-pandemic standard of living, measured by real gross domestic product per capita.

This measure has contracted over the past three quarters, and TD forecasts it will continue to shrink until the end of 2024. More alarming, the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development predicts that Canada will place last among OECD members in real GDP per capita growth until 2060.


snip

Since the 2014-2015 oil shock, “Canada’s performance has gone from bad to worse,” gaining a mere 0.4 per cent a year compared with an advanced economy average of 1.4 per cent.

So what’s the problem?

At the core of the issue is sagging productivity, something Canada has been battling for years, said Ercolao, who identifies several forces behind this.

Among them are “lacklustre” business investment in buildings, machinery and intellectual property over the past eight years and a longer-running decline in research and development spending that has led to an “innovation gap.”

snip

In 2021 Canada’s R&D spending was about 1.7 per cent of GDP, half the share of America’s and lower than most other countries.

Canada’s economy also contains a relatively large number of small companies, which tend to export and invest less than bigger firms. Inefficient regulations and tax policies are other factors cited as holding back productivity and innovation, he said.

snip

“Unfortunately, for Canadians, little turnaround in Canadian living standards appears to be on the horizon,” said Ercolao.

https://financialpost.com/news/canada-s ... ing-behind
Sigh. GDP per capita. Always on the right wing thinking it is GDP per capita.

The price of oil and gasoline jumps. Canada's GDP goes up, and with it our GDP per capita.

What does that DO for your "standard of living"? In the world of everyday people it drops it! It costs you more to commute, it costs you more for a variety of goods that you buy everyday, pushes up the cost of home heating for some, etc. etc.

More realistic views of "standard of living" place Canada at seventh in the world on average. US News has Canada ranked 3rd in the world for standard of living. https://www.insidermonkey.com/blog/10-c ... 1142810/4/

The countries ranked with higher standards of living and rank: Switzerland 1, Germany 2, Sweden 3, Australia 4, Norway 5, Denmark 6.

The US with higher GDP/capita is ranked 10th.
Ireland with a much higher GDP/capita is ranked 15th.

What matters is combination of factors that add up to "standard of living".

One of those factors is the share of GDP that goes to workers. As I showed with the oil example, an increase in GDP/capita can result in a lower standard of living. In the case of oil price increases, almost none of the increase in GDP/capita goes to everyday folks, except for what is redistributed by governments - who may see higher revenues if their jurisdiction includes oil revenues. Thus an oil price increase has uneven effects on standard of living for Canadians. An oil price increase may marginally increase the standard of living for folks in Alberta/Sask/Newfoundland - but will most likely decrease the standard of living elsewhere.

Even in Alberta the effects of increased GDP/capita are uneven and contradictory. High oil prices may indeed save Albertans from a 5% sales tax, but at the same high oil prices can result in many additional costs to Albertans such as high gasoline prices, transport costs in groceries etc. etc. A large proportion of Alberta residents do not work in oil related industries, and for them the actual standard of living may even decrease.

Then stop and think about the countries that have higher standards of living than Canada. Most have much higher taxes, which means more redistribution by government. Germany has a lower GDP/capita than Canada, but higher standard of living (and significantly higher taxes). https://tradingeconomics.com/country-li ... per-capita

Australia has both a higher GDP/capita and standard of living than Canada. A look under the hood shows that the distribution of the fruits of that GDP is different. The Australian pension system is much stronger, with businesses paying a much higher proportion (more than double) of retirement costs. The minimum wage in Australia is $23.23/hr, while in Canada it averages about $16.65/hr. Australia has higher corporate tax rates which facilitate more redistribution. https://tradingeconomics.com/country-li ... e-tax-rate

And yes, Germany (also ranking higher) has higher corporate tax rates.

You can see that standard of living, and how to achieve it, are complex and can not be boiled down to the simplistic GDP/capita. The share of GDP that everyday folks get and many more factors such as redistribution of that GDP are involved.

Interestingly the "socialist" countries (like Sweden and Denmark) do quite well in standard of living rankings...

ETA: https://www.macrotrends.net/countries/C ... per-capita

That information contradicts a major statement that the OP posted article contains. Canada's GDP/capita has indeed recovered from the COVID slump.
The middle path - everything in moderation, and everything in its time and order.
User avatar
oldtrucker
Guru
Posts: 9943
Joined: Nov 24th, 2013, 3:19 pm

Re: Canada's standard of living is falling behind the rest of the developed world

Post by oldtrucker »

CountryAtHeart wrote: Jul 20th, 2023, 8:19 am
Mazdatruck wrote: Jul 19th, 2023, 9:40 pm Corporate/Government media has increasingly created closed information systems around every major issue:

COVID
Ukraine
Trump
Gender Theory

Dissent from their orthodoxies is branded "disinformation" then censored.

The Canadian media is 100% in lockstep with Trudeau and Biden and supports all State wars.

The War in Ukraine enjoys no criticism at all.

There are no dissenters at all.

Any dissenters are branded, labeled and cancelled. You either agree or are a undesirable subhuman.

Nobody can ask real questions so there will be no real improvements.

All social issues are manufactured and controlled and edited. All speech is monitored, censored and any problematic ideas have hundred of millions of dollars thrown at them by Government Think Tanks and Big Tech censorship.
You forgot about The Residential School issue. Isn’t the government trying to go after anyone who questions the graves as being “deniers”?

I know we talk about standard of living in an economic sense but it bleeds out into our physical health and mental health. Stress affects every part of our body and thus burdens not just ourselves but also our medical system. Also meaning more people on medications. More anxiety and depression. We are seeing more drug use…abuse?
Our society is seeing more anger, confrontation and intolerance. More crime. At the same time, we see our government’s weak response towards criminals which exasperates our anxiety and anger towards society.
And that's the plan. To wear down your enemy physically and emotionally. It's working.
Now all, especially oldstock canadians appear to be the govts enemy. That's why we are being blatantly lied to and mind bleeped at every turn. Pre hammer coming down Marxism intentional chaos.
Some may view my politically incorrect opinions as harsh and may be offended by them. Some think political correctness will be our undoing.
Mazdatruck
Grand Pooh-bah
Posts: 2259
Joined: Nov 20th, 2018, 1:46 pm

Re: Canada's standard of living is falling behind the rest of the developed world

Post by Mazdatruck »

CountryAtHeart wrote: Jul 20th, 2023, 8:19 am You forgot about The Residential School issue. Isn’t the government trying to go after anyone who questions the graves as being “deniers”?
In Canada you can and will have your bank account seized and men in black suits appear at your door if your non violent politics disagree with the Government's point of view.

All your private communications are 100% recorded to be used against you in the future if needed.

All your private communications are monitored.

All "main" news channels fully support everything the Government does, including war.

That is Soviet/ Stasi level of a society.

COVID really opened many peoples eyes.

I watched as 90% of society cheered for the actual death of 10% of the Canadian population. Literally.

All politically motivated.
User avatar
Gone_Fishin
Walks on Forum Water
Posts: 11637
Joined: Sep 6th, 2006, 7:43 am

Re: Canada's standard of living is falling behind the rest of the developed world

Post by Gone_Fishin »

Trudeau did that.

Canada's standard of living falling behind other advanced economies: TD


A new economic report from TD says Canada is falling behind the standard-of-living curve compared to its peers.

According to the report published last week, Canada has been lagging behind the U.S. and other advanced economies in terms of standard of living performance (or real GDP per capita), despite recent years of “headline growth.”

https://www.ctvnews.ca/business/canada- ... -1.6490005
ΜΟΛΩΝ ΛΑΒΕ

A smaller government makes room for bigger citizens.
hobbyguy
Buddha of the Board
Posts: 15001
Joined: Jan 20th, 2011, 8:10 pm

Re: Canada's standard of living is falling behind the rest of the developed world

Post by hobbyguy »

Mazdatruck wrote: Jul 19th, 2023, 9:40 pm Corporate/Government media has increasingly created closed information systems around every major issue:

COVID
Ukraine
Trump
Gender Theory

Dissent from their orthodoxies is branded "disinformation" then censored.

The Canadian media is 100% in lockstep with Trudeau and Biden and supports all State wars.

The War in Ukraine enjoys no criticism at all.

There are no dissenters at all.

Any dissenters are branded, labeled and cancelled. You either agree or are a undesirable subhuman.

Nobody can ask real questions so there will be no real improvements.

All social issues are manufactured and controlled and edited. All speech is monitored, censored and any problematic ideas have hundred of millions of dollars thrown at them by Government Think Tanks and Big Tech censorship.
As the old rock song says: "paranoia runs deep".

Canada is essentially a small L liberal country. The consensus views within Canada have little to do with such nonsense as you portray. Even in today's internet world of rampant opinionating.

The war in Ukraine indeed gets criticism. In fact our own Canadian government criticized the move to give Ukraine cluster bombs. There is a ton of criticism of Putin's insane war of aggression and tactics of civilian terrorism.

There is an old question: when you look around and you think everybody is crazy - is it them? Or is it you?

Putin's insane war has had effects of skyrocketing oil/gas/fertilizer/food prices. What part's of inflation can't most everyday Canadians avoid? Yup, high gasoline prices and high food prices. What is the insane thug Putin doing right now? Putin is destroying food supplies and Ukraine's ability to export food.

Putin is a thug and terrorist, who the heck wants to be on the side of an insane thug and terrorist?? Feeling "cancelled" because you are? Good! That's how Canada's democracy works.
The middle path - everything in moderation, and everything in its time and order.
hobbyguy
Buddha of the Board
Posts: 15001
Joined: Jan 20th, 2011, 8:10 pm

Re: Canada's standard of living is falling behind the rest of the developed world

Post by hobbyguy »

Gone_Fishin wrote: Jul 24th, 2023, 7:35 am Trudeau did that.

Canada's standard of living falling behind other advanced economies: TD


A new economic report from TD says Canada is falling behind the standard-of-living curve compared to its peers.

According to the report published last week, Canada has been lagging behind the U.S. and other advanced economies in terms of standard of living performance (or real GDP per capita), despite recent years of “headline growth.”

https://www.ctvnews.ca/business/canada- ... -1.6490005
GDP per capita is such a stupid measure when it comes to standard of living. I guess, and I'm seeing here, that the CPC "party of stupid" will gin that up.

The price of oil goes up. Canada's GDP per capita goes up. For everyday folks what does that actually mean? Yup, the standard of living for everyday Canadians went DOWN!

Canada's population is growing. There is a lag between population growth and GDP growth.

Canada has a number of output increasing initiatives that have yet to increase out output. The most obvious are the TMX and the Kitimat LNG projects that will boost Canada's GDP (both have heavy governemnt investment.)

Also in that category are, site C, SMR nuclear reactors (the first in the G7), battery plants for EVs, the develop of pulse protein products (Canada is a dominant exporter of pulses (peas, lentils etc.), but we don't value add to them) - and many more like Bay Du Nord.

The OECD itself is moving rapidly away from GDP/capita as a measure of standard of living - precisely because it doesn't reflect reality. https://www.oecd.org/els/soc/OECD-middl ... ndings.pdf

"For its part, the OECD has called for a new growth narrative that puts people’s wellbeing
at the centre. Its New Approaches to Economic Challenges and Inclusive Growth initiatives
aim to upgrade the OECD’s analytical models and measurement tools, to better understand
the functioning of our economies and promote policies that integrate considerations of
equity ex-ante. The OECD has also developed a Framework for Policy Action on Inclusive
Growth, which offers governments concrete guidance on how to design and implement
policies that will give all people, firms and regions the opportunity to thrive – particularly
those that are struggling or have been left behind.
The OECD has also placed the issue of inequalities and the need for inclusive growth at
the heart of the international agenda, where it has helped inform the work of the G7 and G20"

Countries like Australia are in the process of changing to "wellbeing" budgets, that don't rely as heavily on simplistic GDP based nonsense. Instead looking at factors like access to health care, access to education opportunities, access to housing, public safety and security etc.

The OECD in the report I linked to states:

"However, current findings reveal that the top 10% in the income distribution holds almost
half of the total wealth, while the bottom 40% accounts for only 3%. The OECD has also
documented that economic insecurity concerns a large group of the population: more than
one in three people are economically vulnerable, meaning they lack the liquid financial
assets needed to maintain a living standard at the poverty level for at least three months."

Yup, when the prices of oil and gasoline jump, the fat cats at the top in their fancy offices in Calgary grin like Cheshire cats, but for everyday folks their standard of living just went DOWN!

Get it through your head - GDP per capita doesn't mean a dang thing when the top 10% take it all!!!
The middle path - everything in moderation, and everything in its time and order.
User avatar
Gone_Fishin
Walks on Forum Water
Posts: 11637
Joined: Sep 6th, 2006, 7:43 am

Re: Canada's standard of living is falling behind the rest of the developed world

Post by Gone_Fishin »

hobbyguy wrote: Jul 24th, 2023, 10:24 am Get it through your head - GDP per capita doesn't mean a dang thing when the top 10% take it all!!!
The top 10% like Justin's wealthy Laurentian friends?

They're 1%ers ya know, it's a math thing that leftist kooks struggle with.

Meanwhile, 1.5 million Canadians are relying on food banks.

52% of Canadians have zero money in the bank.

1 in 5 Canadians are skipping meals.

This is a direct result of Trudeau's destruction of lives and financial well-being from his massive tax increases and catastrophic economic policies.
ΜΟΛΩΝ ΛΑΒΕ

A smaller government makes room for bigger citizens.
User avatar
Catsumi
Buddha of the Board
Posts: 18412
Joined: May 24th, 2017, 8:26 pm

Re: Canada's standard of living is falling behind the rest of the developed world

Post by Catsumi »

Gone_Fishin wrote: Jul 24th, 2023, 10:42 am
hobbyguy wrote: Jul 24th, 2023, 10:24 am Get it through your head - GDP per capita doesn't mean a dang thing when the top 10% take it all!!!
The top 10% like Justin's wealthy Laurentian friends?

They're 1%ers ya know, it's a math thing that leftist kooks struggle with.

Meanwhile, 1.5 million Canadians are relying on food banks.

52% of Canadians have zero money in the bank.

1 in 5 Canadians are skipping meals.

This is a direct result of Trudeau's destruction of lives and financial well-being from his massive tax increases and catastrophic economic policies.
As long as the Putz is ok, whose wealth has increased substantially in last few years, well beyond our contributions via taxes there is nothing to worry about.

Putz first and always.

Us, last and always
Sufficiently advanced incompetence is indistinguishable from malice. There’s a certain point at which ignorance becomes malice, at which there is simply no way to become THAT ignorant except deliberately and maliciously.

Unknown
Mazdatruck
Grand Pooh-bah
Posts: 2259
Joined: Nov 20th, 2018, 1:46 pm

Re: Canada's standard of living is falling behind the rest of the developed world

Post by Mazdatruck »

hobbyguy wrote: Jul 24th, 2023, 10:00 am As the old rock song says: "paranoia runs deep".
The war in Ukraine indeed gets criticism. In fact our own Canadian government criticized the move to give Ukraine cluster bombs. There is a ton of criticism of Putin's insane war of aggression and tactics of civilian terrorism.
We're allowed to write a post-it note of objection while actively supporting arming Ukraine with banned, illegal weapons eh? This is while we rapidly expand NATO and escalate a open war with the world's biggest nuclear power risking global nuclear war because Hunter Biden wants his Burisma IPO to provide him with lots of profits.

What Canadian mainstream media outlet is questioning NATO expansionism and its role in forcing Russia to invade Ukraine to prevent such expansions? What mainstream media outlet is questioning the war in Ukraine? Which Canadian mainstream media outlet editorial staff is currently anti Ukraine war, to the scale of let say Anti-Vietnam or Anti-Trump?

You manage to throw in a dig at Putin too just like all mainstream media in Canada. All very basic forms of minor dissent from Government talking points are immediately canceled out with (so called Russian) "whataboutism". Just like you said...only a few years ago we openly condemned anyone using cluster bombs and called them war criminals but now we will gladly fly them over there and use them in Ukrainian villages...but...Putin is a bad guy so it's ok! [icon_lol2.gif]

Might as well be watching the news in North Korea. You'll find just as much dissent there.
Putin's insane war has had effects of skyrocketing oil/gas/fertilizer/food prices. What part's of inflation can't most everyday Canadians avoid? Yup, high gasoline prices and high food prices. What is the insane thug Putin doing right now? Putin is destroying food supplies and Ukraine's ability to export food.
We pushed Russia to invade, lied to them in Minsk. All documented. You're not allowed to talk about that in free speech Canada. We printed 24% of the current Canadian money supply in 18 months which might perhaps have something to do with why everything is so expensive.

But sure, blame Putin.

That is the current Canadian Government's stance.
User avatar
Gone_Fishin
Walks on Forum Water
Posts: 11637
Joined: Sep 6th, 2006, 7:43 am

Re: Canada's standard of living is falling behind the rest of the developed world

Post by Gone_Fishin »

Trudeau says you've never had it so good.

But today, there are many Canadian cities with zero neighbourhoods where minimum wage earners can afford to live.

He's never been more out of touch.


Image
ΜΟΛΩΝ ΛΑΒΕ

A smaller government makes room for bigger citizens.
User avatar
liisgo
Lord of the Board
Posts: 3804
Joined: Jan 19th, 2016, 5:25 pm

Re: Canada's standard of living is falling behind the rest of the developed world

Post by liisgo »

The majority of our fruit and vegetables come from 4 very specific countries, those being, USA, Mexico, Costa Rica and Guatemala. Want to know what is driving our cost of survival to an extreme situation for our people? Outside of the obvious controlling measure in this all being Trudeau and his governments failings, is our dollar value. Our purchase value. The one, not arguable factor is what has happened to our dollar value. We simply have lost all creditability and confidence in our dollar on a world scale. Again, all to blame is the current government. Everyone went through covid, enough of the excuses, Trudeau's government has caused our current situation. Others are seeing their purchase power, their cost of importing and selling products a far better situation. Canada is now trying just to survive, others are growing and expanding their standard of living.
Our dollar is a disgusting mess, thanks to Bozo trudeau.
Seems drugs was the most expensive product coming from Mexico, now its vegetables.

https://agriculture.canada.ca/en/sector ... ustry-2021
User avatar
Catsumi
Buddha of the Board
Posts: 18412
Joined: May 24th, 2017, 8:26 pm

Re: Canada's standard of living is falling behind the rest of the developed world

Post by Catsumi »

HG said
hobbyguy wrote: ↑Yesterday, 10:00 am
As the old rock song says: "paranoia runs deep".
The war in Ukraine indeed gets criticism. In fact our own Canadian government criticized the move to give Ukraine cluster bombs. There is a ton of criticism of Putin's insane war of aggression and tactics of civilian terroris
Hells bells! In the meantime, Putz ships over millions upon millions of our tax dollars and that is ok with you? Yelp about cluster bombs all you want, but without all of our cash, Ukrainians couldn’t buy them in the first place.

Anyone paying attention well knows that all the noise about supporting corrupt Zelensky has died down considerably, now that taxpayers see the bottom line of wasted funds that could have been put to much better use. Here. In Canada.
Sufficiently advanced incompetence is indistinguishable from malice. There’s a certain point at which ignorance becomes malice, at which there is simply no way to become THAT ignorant except deliberately and maliciously.

Unknown

Return to “Canada”